General HiveMQ Platform Installation Information

This guide walks you through basic installation and optimization steps for the HiveMQ platform.

For more ways to try out and evaluate HiveMQ such as Docker and AWS, see Getting Started with HiveMQ.

You can download HiveMQ in a convenient ZIP package with all the executable files, initialization scripts, and example configurations you need to successfully install HiveMQ.
If you do not have a HiveMQ license, HiveMQ automatically runs in trial mode.
For more information on HiveMQ trial options, see Getting Started with HiveMQ. For information on how to install your license, see Install a HiveMQ License.

The download package for the HiveMQ platform contains the following directories:

The conf/examples directory of your HiveMQ installation contains several useful example configuration files.

Folder name Description

Folder name	Description
`audit`	HiveMQ audit log files.
`backup`	HiveMQ backup files
`bin`	Startup scripts and binary files.
`conf`	HiveMQ configuration files.
`data`	Persistent client data and cluster data.
`extensions`	All HiveMQ Enterprise Extensions and custom extensions to the HiveMQ installation.
`license`	One or more HiveMQ license files.
`log`	All HiveMQ log files.
`third-party-licenses`	License information for third-party libraries.
`tools`	HiveMQ Swarm, MQTT CLI, and HiveMQ REST API.

audit

HiveMQ audit log files.

backup

HiveMQ backup files

bin

Startup scripts and binary files.

conf

HiveMQ configuration files.

data

Persistent client data and cluster data.

extensions

All HiveMQ Enterprise Extensions and custom extensions to the HiveMQ installation.

license

One or more HiveMQ license files.

log

All HiveMQ log files.

third-party-licenses

License information for third-party libraries.

tools

HiveMQ Swarm, MQTT CLI, and HiveMQ REST API.

HiveMQ Enterprise Extensions are preinstalled in your HiveMQ platform release bundle and disabled by default. To enable a HiveMQ extension, locate the desired extension folder in the extensions directory of your HiveMQ installation and remove the DISABLED file (if present). For more information, see HiveMQ Enterprise Extensions and Enable or Disable a HiveMQ Extension.

HiveMQ Platform Installation on Unix-based systems (Linux, macOS, Unix)

The default installation directory for HiveMQ is /opt/hivemq. The default HiveMQ username is hivemq.

Some of the following commands require root privileges. Log in as root user or use sudo to execute the commands.

On the HiveMQ Download page of the official HiveMQ website, enter your email address, read and accept the terms of service, and select Download.zip to download the latest version of HiveMQ.
Log in to your system as root user.
Move the ZIP download file to the directory where you want to install HiveMQ.
In this example, we use /opt.
```
cd /opt
```
Extract the files from the ZIP archive:
```
unzip hivemq-<version>.zip
```
Create a HiveMQ symbolic link (symlink):
```
ln -s /opt/hivemq-<version> /opt/hivemq
```
Create a HiveMQ user:
```
useradd -d /opt/hivemq hivemq
```
Make scripts executable and change the owner to hivemq user.
The chmod 775 command gives the user/owner and groups read, write, and execute rights. All others have read only access:
```
chown -R hivemq:hivemq /opt/hivemq-<version>
chown -R hivemq:hivemq /opt/hivemq
cd /opt/hivemq
chmod +x ./bin/run.sh
```
Adjust the HiveMQ configuration properties to fit your business needs.

For detailed information and configuration examples, see HiveMQ Configuration.

If you need to install HiveMQ to a custom directory or run it under a custom user, you must update the $HIVEMQ_DIRECTORY and/or the HIVEMQ_USER in the $HIVEMQ_DIRECTORY/bin/start.sh script.

Install the Init script (optional):

For Debian-based Linux distributions such as Debian, Ubuntu, or Raspbian that use init.d scripts:

cp /opt/hivemq/bin/init-script/hivemq-debian /etc/init.d/hivemq
chmod +x /etc/init.d/hivemq

For Linux systems that use a systemd service:

cp /opt/hivemq/bin/init-script/hivemq.service /etc/systemd/system/hivemq.service

For all other Linux systems:

cp /opt/hivemq/bin/init-script/hivemq /etc/init.d/hivemq
chmod +x /etc/init.d/hivemq

Modify /etc/init.d/hivemq (optional):

Set the HIVEMQ_HOME and the HIVEMQ_USER variables to the correct values for your system.

The default values are as follows:

HIVEMQ_HOME=/opt/hivemq

HIVEMQ_USER=hivemq

If you installed HiveMQ on a directory other than /opt/hivemq, point the HIVEMQ_HOME in your Init script to the correct directory. Otherwise, the daemon cannot start correctly.
Start HiveMQ on boot (optional):

For Debian-based Linux systems such as Debian, Ubuntu, or Raspbian:
```
update-rc.d hivemq defaults
```
For Debian-based Linux systems such Debian, Ubuntu, or Raspbian that use systemd:
```
systemctl enable hivemq
```
Debian > 6.0
```
insserv hivemq
```
CentOS or RHEL
```
chkconfig hivemq on
```

Set the heap that HiveMQ uses (Linux, macOS, Unix)

The heap that the HiveMQ process uses can be set as a variable in the run.sh file.
To set the heap value, add a line with the desired -Xmx to the VARIABLES configuration.

Example configuration with a 4 GB heap:

############## VARIABLES
JAVA_OPTS="$JAVA_OPTS -Xmx4g"

Make the same changes to the recovery.sh file.

We recommended that you configure the JVM heap with 50% of the RAM that is available on the system on which you run HiveMQ.

The HiveMQ process can use more RAM than the amount of RAM that you allocate to the JVM heap.

Start HiveMQ Platform (Linux, macOS, Unix)

The following instructions show how to start HiveMQ after the installation.

Start HiveMQ Platform manually (Linux, macOS, Unix)

Change to the HiveMQ directory.
In this example, opt/hivemq:
```
cd /opt/hivemq
```
Execute the startup script:
```
./bin/run.sh
```

Start HiveMQ as daemon

Start the daemon
```
/etc/init.d/hivemq start
```

Verify HiveMQ is running

Check if HiveMQ is listening to the default port for MQTT
```
netstat -an | grep 1883
```
If you run HiveMQ as daemon:
```
/etc/init.d/hivemq status
```
If you run HiveMQ with systemd:
```
systemctl status hivemq.service
```
To debug the HiveMQ startup with systemd, you can inspect the output:
```
journalctl | grep -i hivemq
```

HiveMQ Platform Installation on Windows Server 2022 Standalone

Requirements

Running Windows environment
Minimum HiveMQ system hardware requirements
OpenJDK 11 or higher is required. OpenJDK 21 is recommended.

Manual installation of HiveMQ on Windows Server 2022 Standalone

On the HiveMQ Download page of the official HiveMQ website, enter your email address, read and accept the terms of service, and select Download.zip to download the latest version of HiveMQ.
Extract the hivemq-<version>.zip to the C:\ drive.
For example, C:\hivemq-4.27.0.
Rename the folder so the file path is C:\hivemq.
For example, files in the folder have the following structure: C:\hivemq\bin.

Set the heap that HiveMQ uses (Windows)

The heap that the HiveMQ process uses can be set as a variable in the run.bat file.

We recommended that you configure the JVM heap with 50% of the RAM that is available on the system on which you run HiveMQ.

To set the heap value, add a line with the desired -Xmx to the VARIABLES configuration as follows:

Go to C:\hivemq\bin
Open the run.bat file with notepad or the text editor of your choice.
In the VARIABLES section of the run.bat file, add the heap configuration.
The following code example sets the heap size to the recommended 50% of the available RAM:
set "JAVA_OPTS=%JAVA_OPTS% -XX:+UnlockExperimentalVMOptions -XX:InitialRAMPercentage=40 -XX:MaxRAMPercentage=50 -XX:MinRAMPercentage=30"
Save the file.

Make the same changes to the recovery.bat file.

The HiveMQ process can use more RAM than the amount of RAM that you allocate to the JVM heap.

Start HiveMQ Platform manually (Windows)

Go to C:\hivemq\bin
Right-click the run.bat file and run the file as an administrator.

Keep in mind that a click with the left mouse button (QuickEdit) stops the output of the command line. If you click the command line before the Started HiveMQ in xxx ms message displays, you pause the HiveMQ startup process.
To resume the startup, click the right mouse button.
Clicks that occur after the HiveMQ startup is complete do not impact the execution of HiveMQ.

Verify that HiveMQ is running

To check whether HiveMQ is listening on the default port for MQTT, 1883, open cmd.exe and run:

netstat -an | findstr "1883"

Install a HiveMQ License

To install a HiveMQ license, move the hivemq.lic file that you received with your purchase into the license folder of your HiveMQ installation.

HiveMQ automatically and dynamically recognizes licenses during runtime. There is no need to restart HiveMQ when you add or change your HiveMQ license.

If no valid HiveMQ license is present, HiveMQ starts in trial mode. HiveMQ trials are for evaluation and testing purposes only. Production usage without a valid production license is strictly prohibited.
Our standard trial supports 25 connections. If your evaluation requires more connections, please contact us.

When HiveMQ detects a valid license file, HiveMQ logs a statement similar to the following:

2020-08-20 20:49:44,322 INFO  - Found valid site license (hivemq.lic) issued to XXX for max XXX CPU cores, valid until XXX.

Multiple HiveMQ Licenses

New HiveMQ licenses can be added during runtime. When multiple valid license files are available in a HiveMQ installation, HiveMQ automatically selects the license that allows the highest CPU count.

If multiple valid licenses that allow the same CPU count are present, HiveMQ automatically selects the license that is valid longest.

You do not need to restart HiveMQ when you switch or add licenses during runtime.

Get a HiveMQ license

To obtain a HiveMQ license, contact sales@hivemq.com.

HiveMQ Sanity Checks

To quickly identify critical issues that can prevent your HiveMQ implementation from functioning as expected, HiveMQ automatically runs a brief set of tests to evaluate your current system configuration.
This type of testing is known as a sanity check.

HiveMQ runs an initial sanity check at startup and repeats testing every 12 hours (to catch configuration changes that are made during runtime). Each completed sanity check consists of several individual tests. For example, a test to verify the current open-file limits on your system and a test to verify if necessary file-access permissions are correctly configured.

HiveMQ logs a warning for each individual test in the completed sanity check that fails. The WARN log statement gives you detailed information about the test result and recommendations on how to correct the issue.

The presence of a failed sanity check does not prevent HiveMQ startup. The purpose of the HiveMQ log statements that a sanity check generates for failed tests is to help you identify inadequate or incorrect HiveMQ configurations and suggest appropriate action.

Open File Limit Test

The open file limit is the maximum number of files or network connections a process can open in the current active session. When an insufficient open file limit is specified for HiveMQ, a Too many open files error (or similar) can occur and prevent HiveMQ from functioning properly.

The open file limit test in the HiveMQ sanity check verifies whether the currently configured open file limits for HiveMQ are sufficient. The recommended hard and soft open file limits for HiveMQ are 1,000,000 each.

If your current open file soft-limit configuration is insufficient, HiveMQ prints the following warning to your HiveMQ log file:
Soft limit for open files ({your-current-soft-limit}) is lower than the recommended limit (1000000). Please increase the open file limit to at least the recommended limit.

If your current open file hard-limit configuration is insufficient, HiveMQ prints the following warning to your HiveMQ log file:
Hard limit for open files ({your-current-hard-limit}) is lower than the recommended limit (1000000). Please increase the open file limit to at least the recommended limit.

For information on how to increase your open file limit, see Increase open file limit.

You can view the open file limits that are currently configured for HiveMQ in the com.hivemq.system.os.process.open-file-limit.hard.current and com.hivemq.system.os.process.open-file-limit.soft.current metrics.
For more information, see Standard HiveMQ Metrics.

System Access Permissions Test

To operate correctly, HiveMQ requires access to various files and directories on your infrastructure. Your operating system controls access to files and directories with permissions that specify what users or processes are allowed to do in a particular file or directory.

HiveMQ sanity checks verify three types of Linux directory permissions:

Read (r): Allows the user or process to view the list of files a directory contains.
Write (w): Allows the user or process to edit, remove, or rename files that are stored in a directory.
Execute (x): Allows a user or process to change to a directory and use the files that the directory contains.

The system-access permissions test in the HiveMQ sanity check verifies whether your currently configured system permissions grant HiveMQ sufficient access to necessary files and directories.

If your currently configured system permissions lack a required permission, HiveMQ prints the following warning to your HiveMQ log file for the appropriate directory:
{file-name|directory-name} ({path}) is not {readable/writable/executable}. Please make sure that the {file|directory} has the correct {read/write/execute} permission.

Table 1. Sanity check for recommended HiveMQ directory permissions
Folder name	Read	Write	Execute	Behavior the lack of permission causes
`data`				HiveMQ cannot start Persistence does not work
`log`				Logging is not available
`license`				HiveMQ license is not read HiveMQ must start in trial mode
`extensions`				HiveMQ extensions cannot be discovered HiveMQ extensions do not start
`extensions/{extension}`				Unexpected extension behavior can occur
`backup`				Backups cannot be retrieved with the REST API
`audit`				Audit logs cannot be written
`java temporary directory (java.io.tmpdir)`				Unexpected behavior occurs
`RocksDB tmp folder (if ROCKSDB_SHAREDLIB_DIR environment variable is set)`				RocksDB is unavailable If RocksDB is used for persistence, HiveMQ cannot start
`heap dump folder (if HIVEMQ_HEAPDUMP_FOLDER environment variable is set)`				Heap dumps cannot be created

HiveMQ increments the com.hivemq.system.sanity-checks.failed.count metric when one or more tests in a sanity check fails. For example, if two tests in a sanity check generate warnings, the com.hivemq.system.sanity-checks.failed.count increases by 1. For more information, see Standard HiveMQ Metrics.